Product life cycle articles pdf

A timesheet register is also completed, providing a summary of the time spent on the project in total so that the project plan can always be kept fully up to date. Expense forms are completed for each set of related project expenses such as labor, equipment and materials costs.

Expense forms are approved by the project manager and recorded within an expense register for auditing purposes. Quality management is the process by which quality is assured and controlled for the project, using quality assurance and quality control techniques. Quality reviews are undertaken frequently and the results recorded on a quality review form.

A core aspect of the project manager's role is to manage change within the project. This is achieved by understanding the business and system drivers requiring the change, identifying the costs and benefits of adopting the change, and formulating a structured plan for implementing the change.

To formally request a change to the project, a change form is completed. The status of all active change forms should he recorded within a change register. A project risk may be identified at any stage of the project by completing a risk form and recording the relevant risk details within the risk register.

Purchase orders are used to purchase products from suppliers, and a procurement register is maintained to track each purchase request through to its completion. Acceptance forms are used to enable project staff to request acceptance for a deliverable, once complete. Each acceptance form identifies the acceptance criteria, review methods and results of the acceptance reviews undertaken. The most common method of communicating the status of the project is via a project status report.

Each communications message released is captured in a communications register. The last remaining step is to undertake a post implementation review to quantify the level of project success and identify any lessons learnt for future projects. Project closure is the last phase in the project life cycle, and must be conducted formally so that the business benefits delivered by the project are fully realized by the customer.

The activities outlined in Figure 5 are undertaken. Figure 5: Project closure activities "Perform project closure: Project closure, or 'close out', essentially involves winding up the project. The project manager is responsible for undertaking each of the activities identified in the project closure report, and the project is closed only when all the activities listed in the project closure report have been completed.

Success is determined by how well it performed against the defined objectives and conformed to the management processes outlined in the planning phase. A Phase review is defined in the book's Glossary as: "A checkpoint at the end of each project phase to ensure that a project has achieved its stated objectives and deliverables as planned" for that phase. Well, yes, just a few. First, as we have suggested many times elsewhere, we think that Figure 1, showing the four phases of the project life cycle is a perfect illustration of why the "project life cycle" should not be called "cycle" but called "span" instead.

The figure shows the project phases going round in circles but never seems to produce a final output anywhere. That might be good news for a continuous quality improvement model, but it is not an ideal depiction of a project.

And, before anyone jumps in and points out that "iteration" is a key element of information technology, our answer is: True, but the iterations only take place in the project execution phase and the iterations are progressive!

We feel strongly that for any but the smallest of projects, the results of the planning phase should be summarized into a Project Execution Charter. The approval of this Charter by the project's sponsor or senior management then provides the project manager with the updated authority to expend resources on the remaining phases and in accordance with the planned modus operandi.

If this corporate management control strategy is adopted, then we thing that the creation of the detailed plans described as part of the planning phase, should in fact be included as the first stage in Project Execution. Finally, we think that the Project Closure phase could have a little more beef to it. Here, the very success of a project depends heavily on how well the product is "transferred to the care, custody and control" of the users.

That means careful and appropriate marketing, training and support. This sequence is crucial to the success of any project.

It is written in plain text and, as Jason observes: "I have adopted industry standard terminology that can be understood by any reader with a rudimentary knowledge of project management. I have not adopted the complicated acronym-based terminology that is prevalent throughout industry. As such, you will not read about undertaking a PERT project evaluation review technique or CPA critical path analysis , but you will read about how to create practical plans for managing time, cost and quality within a project.

This book explains the project life cycle without the fluff. So, this book is simple, straightforward and detailed, and it includes over tables and examples that you can use as templates for your project. But you will have to read the book for those details.

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Bumg Pulomakmu. Miroslav Gegoski. One discussion in the literature of economics is the interaction between product life cycle and technological advancement. Firms may enjoy high profits and pay higher wages to the workers due to higher prices by introduction of new products in early stages and product developments in later stages.

The aim of this study, by assuming that life cycle stage of a product represents its level of technology intensity, is to measure the innovative capabilities of selected benchmark and MENA countries by developing a maturity index and then to see how MENA countries adapt themselves to relative maturity changes of products at the global level. Moreover, adaptation pattern of MENA countries except for Egypt shows a decreasing trend in the highest growing products World trade.

The performance of benchmark countries such as USA, South Korea, and Germany in terms of maturity adaptation was found to be increasing. We found that adaptation performance of MENA countries showed improvements in medium high- and medium low-tech industries mostly due to chemical and plastic industries in the last quarter. All these findings imply to call for policies that give incentive to create young products in high-tech and most demanded industries and to rejuvenate those already exist.

Quick jump to page content. Published Dec 31, Abstract One discussion in the literature of economics is the interaction between product life cycle and technological advancement.

Downloads Download data is not yet available. Aytun, U. World Journal of Applied Economics , 3 2 , Vol 3 No 2: December Please visit Copyright Page for details. References Abernathy, W. Patterns of Industrial Innovation.