The practice of social research 13th ebook

Deductive Theory Construction A. Getting started B. Constructing your theory C. An example of deductive theory: distributive justice VI. Inductive Theory Construction A. An example of Inductive Theory: Why do people smoke marijuana? List the three functions of theory for research.

Define paradigm. Differentiate macrotheory from microtheory. Provide synopses for each of the following paradigms: early positivism, social Darwinism, conflict, symbolic interactionism, ethnomethodology, structural-functionalism, feminist, and critical race theory. Differentiate theory from paradigm.

Define and show how each of the following terms is used in theory construction: observation, fact, law, theory, concepts, variables, axioms or postulates , propositions, and hypotheses. Show the role of theory, operationalization, and observation in the traditional model of science. Define hypothesis testing. Differentiate inductive logic from deductive reasoning by definition and example.

Outline the steps in deductive theory construction. Summarize the links between theory and research. Describe how the theoretical perspective chosen impacts the ethics of research. Macrotheory and microtheory—macrotheory examines large aggregates of individuals, groups, organizations or entire societies as a whole, while microtheory is primarily concerned with individual person -level interactions. Early positivism—this theoretical perspective claimed that it was possible to use scientific methods to study society, and that this knowledge could eventually improve society.

Conflict paradigm—unlike Social Darwinists, conflict theorists argued that different social groups fought over scarce resources and that those with power were likely to exploit the have nots. Symbolic interactionism—unlike macrotheories of sociology like the conflict paradigm, symbolic interactionism is primarily concerned with the ways in which individuals behave in personal interactions with one another.

Ethnomethodology—another microtheory of sociology, ethnomethodology claimed that social order and social structure is constantly being reproduced and modified on the basis of individuals interactions with others. Paradigms, Theory, and Social Research 12 G. Structural functionalism—the basic claim of this macrotheoretical paradigm is that societies function much like an organism, with each aspect of society serving the greater good.

Unlike conflict theory, structural fuctionalists emphasized harmony. Women, they claim, experience social life much differently than men. Critical Race Theory—similar to feminist theory, critical race theory postulates that social theory is constructed from the dominant white perspective, ignoring the unique experiences of minority racial groups.

Rational objectivity reconsidered—many sociological theories assume that individuals behave in a largely rational way, concerned with their own well-being. However, there is evidence that this is not always the case. Moreover, we assume that our observations of the social world are objective, i. Theory—theories are testable statements about how the world works. Operationalization—this refers to the process of defining precisely what we mean by a particular variable; it is part of the measurement process.

Observation—regardless of the data collection strategy sociologists employ, they are observing the social world. Deductive and inductive reasoning: A case illustration—what is the relationship between theory and research as it is actually practiced in the real world?

As this illustration of religious participation shows, sociologists typically are performing both inductive and deductive research C. A graphic contrast—illustrates the relationship between hours spent study and grades on an exam.

Getting started—all deductive research begins with a specific topic or question that interests the sociologists. Constructing your theory—once the topic is selected, the sociologists must select the appropriate theoretical perspective as well as the way variables of interest will be measured.

Chapter 2 13 VII. The demonstration requires two clear glasses. Fill one glass with water and the other with rubbing alcohol. You will also need several ice cubes.

The students should be unaware as to what the materials are. Ask them for their suggestions and write these on the board. Copy and paste this code into your Wikipedia page. Need help? The Practice of social research Earl R.

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